International Refugees in India
The lack of specific refugee legislation in India has led the government to adopt an ad-hoc approach to different refugee influxes. The status of refugees in India is governed mainly by political and administrative decisions rather than any codified model of conduct. The ad hoc nature of the Government’s approach has led to varying treatment of different refugee groups. Some groups are granted a full range of benefits including legal residence and the ability to be legally employed, whilst others are criminalized and denied access to basic social resources.
The legal status of refugees in India is governed mainly by the Foreigners Act 1946 and the Citizenship Act 1955. These Acts do not distinguish refugees fleeing persecution from other foreigners; they apply to all non-citizens equally. Under the Acts it is a criminal offence to be without valid travel or residence documents. These provisions render refugees liable to deportation and detention.
Tibetan Refugees in India
Country of origin background
As recently as 1914, a Peace Convention was signed by Britain, China and Tibet that formally recognized Tibet as an independent country. Representatives from the major monasteries governed the country with the Dalai Lama heading the government. The Tibetan people have a deep-seated faith in religion and Buddhism ruled every aspect of their lives. In 1949 China invaded Tibet. Two years later Chinese troops forcibly occupied Tibet; killing, detaining and arresting thousands of Tibetan citizens.
Sri Lankan Refugees in India
Country of origin background
For the past 20 years Sri Lanka has been embroiled in conflict between the Sri Lankan army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) who are fighting for independence for the minority Tamil population. The conflict has left as many as 70,000 people dead and one million people displaced. Tamils from Sri Lanka have been fleeing their home country for India since 1983 when the conflict began. There are no signs of the conflict abating in the immediate future. The armed conflict has escalated since the beginning of 2006 and in March 2007, after four years of negotiations, the peace process between the warring factions officially collapsed.
Bhutanese Refugees in India
Country of origin background
Ethnic Nepalese people started arriving in Bhutan in significant numbers in the early 20th century. By the 1980s they accounted for a quarter of the Bhutanese population. In the mid to late 1980s, the authorities began to view the growing numbers of Hindu Nepalese in Bhutan as a direct threat to Bhutanese ethnic identity. After this time, discriminatory measures were employed to restrict the Nepalese from government service jobs, from obtaining promotions and receiving passports.
Alongside these measures, the government introduced a national campaign to revive traditional culture. Teaching Nepali as a second language in schools was banned and Bhutanese national dress was to be worn at school as well as on official occasions. A census was carried out in the early 1980s which determined the number of Nepalese living in Bhutan. As a result of the census, the Citizenship Act of 1985 was enacted which set out new conditions for citizenship of Bhutan. A great number of Hindu Nepalese became illegal residents overnight. The only way to regain it was to prove their residence in Bhutan for the previous 15 years. As a result, many naturalized citizens lost their status. The Act also allowed for any naturalized citizen to be stripped of his or her status if they had shown, by act or speech, to be ‘disloyal’ to the King, country, or people of Bhutan. This provision has been used frequently to revoke citizenship from Hindu Nepalese under the pretext of ‘disloyalty’. Expulsions of Hindu Nepalese who fell foul of the Citizenship Act began in 1988. Street protests and hunger strikes took place in the south to demonstrate against the measures taken against the Hindu Nepalese population.
Hindu Pakistani Refugees in India
Country of Origin Background
India was partitioned in 1947, leading to the creation of two sovereign states: India and Pakistan. The Hindu population of Pakistan, numbering roughly three million, is largely concentrated in the southern province of Sindh. The majority of the population are Dalits, impoverished landless labourers. Although some minor clashes occurred from time to time prior to partition, relations between Hindu and Muslims in Sindh were generally peaceful. After 1947 an influx of Urdu speaking Muslims from India arrived in Sindh province. Communal violence erupted and the first wave of Sindh’s Hindus was forced to flee. Finding themselves subject to religious persecution, they sought refuge in India.
Burmese Refugees in India
Country of origin background
Burma gained independence from Great Britain in 1948. Following the 1962 coup d’état, the leadership shifted from democracy to a military junta, the fore-runner of the current ruling regime; the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). In 1990, despite multi-party legislative elections that resulted in the main opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), winning a landslide victory, the SPDC refused to hand over power. The leader of the NLD, Aung San Suu Kyi remains under house arrest.
Somali Refugees in India
Country of Origin Background
Somalia has been without a government since 1991, following the overthrow of President Siad Barre. After he left the country, warring factions of rival clan-based groups turned on each other, throwing the country into a civil war which has raged ever since. Interventions by the United Nations to stop the war and the resulting humanitarian crises have proved ineffective. There have also been numerous attempts since 2000 to reach a lasting peace. To date, none of these have been successful. In January 2007, the United States backed the Ethiopian invasion of Somalia to overthrow Mogadishu’s Islamic Courts Union and install the weak, and largely secular, transitional federal government. At the present time, the transitional government struggles to impose its authority on the country and its forces face daily attacks from opponents.
Palestinian Refugees in India
Country of Origin Background
After the establishment of the State of Israel, about two thirds of the Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their territories, which came under Israeli control after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. More and more Palestinians were forced to flee to the neighboring countries and the mass expulsion of the Palestinian Arabs from their homes, villages and towns uprooted an entire population. In most cases these refugees have not been permitted to return to their homes to date. They have either been languishing in sub-human conditions in their host countries facing hostilities and discrimination, or volatile political situations in the countries in which they seek refuge. Many Palestinians fled to neighboring Iraq and lived there as refugees.
Afghan Refugees in India
Country of Origin Background
In 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Over the next ten years, there was fierce resistance to the Soviet presence from the United States-backed Mujahadeen. During this time, approximately 60,000 Afghans sought refuge abroad. The Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989. By 1992, however, the country was embroiled yet more violence; this time a civil war between the Taliban and the ruling Najibullah regime. The civil war, lasting four years, destroyed more than 80% of the capital city, Kabul and saw yet more Afghans forced to flee the country. The Taliban came to power in 1996. Their oppressive regime was based on the strictest interpretation of Sharia law. Under the Taliban, it was forbidden for girls or women to be educated after the age of eight, to watch television, listen to music or to clap during sporting events. Following the events of 11 September 2001, the United States and the United Kingdom, along with other NATO supporters, launched a military attack on Afghanistan. The Taliban withdrew to the Afghan-Pakistani border where they continue their protracted campaign against the new Afghan government.
E-Business Strategy & Management of IPMART
Introduction
Founded in 2001 as I Phone Network, as a premier supplier of various phone service devices, repairing tools, and spare parts.
In 2003, I Phone Network decided to expand its product range with emerging retailing trends worldwide; as a result, they started factory in Zhuhai, China, after that ip-mart branch in Shenzhen, China at year 2004.
As a result, their current electronic retail store includes of different range of product categories such as arts and crafts, perfumes, computers and electronics, watches and, customized stationeries and gifts. This reason influence to transfer of I-Phone Network to IPmart Network Sdn Bhd,. With all these in, company sales volume has dramatically increased between year 2004 and 2005. as a result, company managed to continue to expand strong national and international distribution.
IPmart enables e-commerce on a local, national and international basis with an array of websites – including the IPmart network, impart-forum – that bring together millions of buyers and sellers every day.
